Category: a model/ mould/ module is a:

Definition and aim

Notion: Greek, Latin

Notion : German, English

Theory

I

Archetype, idea

idea of an object

eternal nature

a priori

concept, epitome

350 BC Platon

II

Abstraction, idealization, sign

pure case (ideal gas, point, circle; „homo oeconomicus“; „perfect market“)

geometrical object

artificial life

cellular automaton; neural network

essence

ideal type (Max Weber)

sign

batch, insignia

1494 Pacioli: five platonic solids

III

Type

Type of society, man, market, economy

Form

category

species

300 BC Theophrast: Characters

IV

Pattern, prescription, plan

template, pattern, profile

canon, rule, principle, instruction

procedure

taylors dummy

boot last

muscle man

norm, standard (also „module“)

folk models, cultural models

cult, ritual, procession, compulsive act

gestures, routines

frame, framework, matrix

scheme, form

plan, guideline, policy

arrangement, configuration

prevailing idea

 trend, fashion, lifestyle, stile

 prejudices, ideology, mentality

stereotypes, clichés

Patterns or prescriptions to shape objects, processes or behavior

orders, rituals to be followed

Aim: to get relatively homogen institutions, structures, objects, products

Engl.: pattern

900 Model books

1235 Villard de Honnecourt

1620-24 Bacon: Idolatry

V

Paragon, idol

Idol

educational, political conception

VI

Draft, design, hypothesis

architect’s set of designs, drawings

prototypes, also in CAD

mock-ups

figures

drawings, sketches, maquettes

offer, proposal

forecast, prognose, multiple futures

ideal

utopia, vision, science fiction

hypothesis

Sketches of future objects or states or proposals to be judged and melorated and perhaps realized or used as a guideline

Aim: to faciliate decision making

„paradeigma“

proplasma (roher Entwurf, Tonmodell)

plastische Vorlage

the Greek words "idea" and "eidos" (shape, form, idea, Urbild, picture), and "eikon" (picture). In Latin we have for it "imago" and "effigies" (picture, ideal, image, conception - viz. lexicon of the art 1987-94). Also we have the wide variety of meanings for "species" (appearance, picture, idea, classic example, species) and "simulacrum" (image, pattern, doll, silhouette, dream vision, fake, characterization).

Engl.: model

23 BC: Vitruvius

1300 Duns Scotus: conception theory

1330 Ockham: conceptualism

1450/60 Alberti

1461-64 Filarete

1612 Sturtevant: Heuretika

1638 Galilei

VII

Explanation, interpretation

world view

magic

myth, saga, legend

mystic

esotericism, paranormal

religion

conspiracy theories

Interpretations of parts or phenomena of the world

Aim:

understandig pehomena or structures

VIII

Theory

theory or part of theory

law

function, equation

IX

Analogy

organismic

mechanistic

X

Measure

radius of column

yardstick, mesure

unit (content)

apparatus for measuring water

allotted measure, scale

coefficient, proportionality factor, divisor (also „modulus“)

material constant

commutative additive group

rhythmical measure („modulation“)

adjustment, regulation

slight alteration

mathematical and technical mesasures

Aim: to allow precise measuring and constructing of buildings and objects

the Greek word "metron" (yardstick, measure, boundary) and Latin "modus" (respectively in the reduction form: "modulus"). The primary meaning is measure in a double meaning, as unit (content) and as measuring instrument (yardstick).

German: model (800)

23 v. Chr. Vitruvius

1660/78: Hooke

1807: Young

XI

Shape, regulation

measure

XII

Visualization, illustration

symbol

pictogram

art: e. g. Pietà for grief

metaphor

euphemism

swearwors, metonymy

camouflage

allegory, parable

geometrical plane, figure, curve, surface

visualizing a theory (Bohr’s atom model), law or mathematical formula

Visualizing not visual entities by means of language, drawing, forming and constructing

Aim: express the facts of the case or a theory to make it understandable

1628-38: Comenius: Anschaulichkeit

XIII

Interpretation of a theory

formalism

interpretation, fulfilment of axiom system

XIV

Representation, description, image

concrete

scale model

simulator, test track, crash test

experimental model (hydro-, aerodynamics, environment)

chemical experiment

sandpit exercise

re-enactment of event

archaeological reconstruction

map, globe, planetary

embossing, anatomic model

wax fruits

miniature

mental and formal

cosmological, world model

economic, biological model, etc

word, sentence, summary

text, lecture

statistics, „political artihmetics“

data, information

numerical, mathematical, stochastic, quantitative, finite element, optimization model

Representation of a systemor process resp. cut-out of reality by simplification, abstraction, idealization

Same scale or other scale

Aim:

1) To tinker, play, enjoy

2) To gain (heuristics), organize and spread (teach) knowledge

3) predict behavior

4) Training

5) substitute, replace, amplify, disburden

6) Inform

the Greek word "paradeigma", Latin "exemplar". It was used for small-scale representations of buildings, ships and machines, and in addition, for the (usually male) painter model.

The Greek words "idea" and "eidos" (shape, form, idea, Urbild, picture), "eidolon" (Abbild, image, deceit picture) and "eikon" (picture). In Latin we have for it "imago" and "effigies" (picture, ideal, image, conception - viz. lexicon of the art 1987-94). Also we have the wide variety of meanings for "species" (appearance, picture, idea, classic example, species) and "simulacrum" (image, pattern, doll, silhouette, dream vision, fake, characterization).

Engl.: model

1450: Cusanus: Bildtheorie

1600: Gilbert: De magnete

1700: Leibniz: Isomorphie

1746: Bouguer

XV

Sample, specimen, guinea pig

commercial sample, specimen

fashion doll

probe, pars pro toto, case study

sociotechnical sample, experiment, test, guinea pig

XVI

Dreams

XVII

Plays & Games

game (sand, sport, plan, PC)

toy, pet, baby house

XVIII

Art & Entertainment

Pleasure gardens

Literature

theatre

XIX

Media & Internet

secondary reality: movie, tv, internet, etc.

XX

Teaching & Learning

XXI

Record

registered patent model

document, treaty, protocol, report

Disc, CD, DVD

foto, film, tape

effigies (whole carcass)

imago (face of defunct)

plaster copy

waxworks

museum, collection

XXII

Emotinal & cult object

votives & devotional objects

cerae, ceroplastica

Magical wax figures (Atzemännchen)

Amuletts

Totem

relic

oracle device

Donor model

fetish

XXIII

Substitute

surrogate, dummy

crutch, prosthese, epithese, amplifier

token, chip

money

instrument, tool

animal experimentation

animal model, model organism

animate figure, nude, sitter (Akt)

mannequin, dressman (displaying clothes), fotomodel

euphemism for callgirl, prostitute

decorative model (promotional model, gadget girl)

 training object (for haircutter)

copy of the teeth or oral cavity

robot

teaching aid

XXIV

Mould &/or cast

matrice, patron

hollow form, baking tin

stamp, raised printing

die

seal

cast product

moulding

Relief, flat or hollow forms to mould, print or decorate a multitude of other objects

Aim: to multiply extraordinary objects

the Greek word "typos" (form, sculpture, mould, figuration, type), Latin "forma" (figure, mould, casting; but not: type)

The verbs "keroplasteo" and "proplasso" were used very rarely for the process of forming. For all types of "wax pictures" the Romans frequently used "cera"

German: Model" as industrial moulds for things like dragnets and bricks, later documents (e. g. contracts), fabrics and embroideries. Also the forms for printing on textiles and all kinds of hollow forms for casting goods and pastries were called "Model".

Engl.: mould (1320), pattern

Baking tins (german: „Förmli“)

1123: Theophilus Presbyter: Guss

1550: Cellini: Bronzeguss

XXV

Original &/or copy

persons, idols, objects of imitation

perfect or exemplary models

paragon (Muster an Tugend)

animal or plant (for „mimic“)

little figure of clay, wax

unique object (garment, car, machine, device, apparatus) with 1:1 pieces (series, types)

self-contained unit („module“)

standard component, unit („module“)

unit of computer program

period of training or education

particular version; exemplar

likeness, image

replica

Unique persons or objects to be imitated, copied or to be used for functional purposes

the Greek word "paradeigma", Latin "exemplar: the (usually male) painter model.

1500 Bozza

1750 Bozzetto

1752 maquette

200 Tertullian little figures in clay or wax